Q: Months before the big eruption, what signs told researchers that an eruption was imminent? The countryside was covered in ash. It has not erupted as of 2021. There are parallels in the international community with the reinsurance industry working with different technical and engineering groups to provide consulting to improve infrastructure resilience and resistance to the impacts of things like volcanic eruptionsbut more often for earthquakes, hurricanes and floods. Pinatubo injected about 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it reacted with water to form a hazy layer of aerosol particles composed primarily of sulfuric acid droplets. Typhoon Yunya arrived, bringing harsh winds and rain. The eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines will have a serious and perhaps catastrophic short-term effect on the region, geologists say, but in the long run it may be beneficial. Resettlement. Q: What final thoughts would you like to share with us? Where is Mount Pinatubo located in the Philippines? The steps needed to accomplish this mission are also based on scientific excellence, requiring well-trained public health practitioners and leaders dedicated to high standards of quality and ethical practice. Positive Impact Boost the Beauty of the Region - Because of tourism Economic growth-The more people visit the place the more the economy Positive socio-cultural impacts - There are a number of benefits for the host . Volcanic ash is blown in all directions over hundreds of KMs, smothering fields and buildings. Explore open opportunities and connect with the Applied Sciences Program. More than 840 people died due to roofs collapsing under the weight of the ash, combined with the typhoon. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Volcanic Hazards | Lava Flow, Pyroclastic Flow, Pyroclastic Surge & Tephra, Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction | Species, Evidence & Causes, Earth's Geological Formations | Types, Characteristics & Examples, What is a Shield Volcano? Pinatubo eruption on the 15th June 1991. and A complicating factor in the dispersal of ash was at the same time as the eruption, Typhoon Yunna channeled the ash from the usual dispersal out to the ocean toward the island of Luzon. While threats from the volcanic material that caused many of these impacts have lessened, much of the ash and other debris remains on Mt. What are the short-term effects of volcanoes? Aeta used to be mainly hunters and gatherers who made extensive use of the Pinatubo environment to survive. 1 What were the effects of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo? The eruption disproportionately impacted the native Aeta, a small aboriginal tribe that numbered about 60,000 before the eruption. Meanwhile, Typhoon Yunya brought cascading hazards such as flooding and fast-moving lahars when it arrived within 75 km of the volcano during the eruptions peak activity. These droplets remained for up to three years and caused climate changes for a few years. On June 15, gas and magma erupted and an ash cloud formed 28 miles in the air. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. I'm pleased to say that type of information (differentiating between ash and ice clouds) has been incorporated into the warnings that the VAACs provide. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. ACTIVITY A. MT. In addition to the up to 800 people who lost their lives, there was almost one-half of a billion dollars in property and economic damage. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions disaster. Other types of volcanoes exist based on their morphology, such as: Gas and ash begin to erupt from Mt. The first eruption began on June 12 and sent ash 12 miles into the air. Placed strategies for long term aid and disease control in to migrate to shanty towns in Manila. Effects from Pinatubo didn't end on that date 25 years ago. Once saturated, several feet of ash on the roof became like heavy concrete, and the roof collapsed. Our weather office advised the ship, the embarked airwing and the admirals staff on weather and oceanographic matters. During the eruption of Pinatubo on June 15, 1991, a cloud 684 miles wide (1,100 kilometers) and 22 miles high (35 kilometers) formed over the volcano, carrying about 17 megatons of sulfur. 6 Where did Pinatubo inject sulfuric acid into the atmosphere? In the case of Mount Pinatubo, the result was a measurable cooling of the Earths surface for a period of almost two years. The sulfur dioxide from the gas became sulfuric acid and caused global cooling, since it prevented solar energy from reaching Earth's surface. Warning sign like gas and steam looked for. How extensive was the area affected by Pinatubo eruption? Mt. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Pinatubo is a stratovolcano, meaning it is tall and conical and formed by lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. Only that of remote Katmai-Novarupta, Alaska in 1912 was larger. Effects 847 People Killed - 300 from collapsing roofs , 100 from the mud flows known as lahars, the rest from disease in the evacuation centres including measles. Alert systems put into place to warn of eruption. The rainfall was so heavy, however, that the night before we arrived, a large group of people who remained had sheltered in a gymnasium for protection from the hurricane. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Create your account. The eruption caused global temperatures to cool by about 0.7 degrees F. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. What were the social impacts of Mount Pinatubo? It forms part of the Zambales Mountain Range along with Mount Negron, Mount Cuadrado, and Mount Mataba. Still, because the eruption was forecast by scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), civil and military leaders were able to undertake massive evacuations and measures to protect property before the eruption. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Bursts of gas-charged magma exploded into umbrella ash clouds, hot flows of gas and ash descended the volcanos flanks and lahars swept down valleys. [1] The 1783-1784 Laki flood lava eruption in Iceland emitted 122 megatons (Mt) SO 2 into the atmosphere and maintained a sulfuric aerosol veil that hung over the Northern Hemisphere for >5 months. It has since. Expert Help. 2 Lahars cause sever river bank erosion, undercut bridges, etc. On June 15, at 1:42 in the afternoon, the volcano ejected an eruption column 40 kilometers above its crater. The eruption cost $700 million in damage, $100 million of which was damage to 16 aircraft flying at the time of the eruption and $250 million in property with the rest a combination of agriculture, forestry and land. The eruption of Mt. About 20,000 indigenous Aeta highlanders, who had lived on the slopes of the volcano, were completely displaced, and most still wait in resettlement camps for the day when they can return home. site on Mount Pinatubo - look at pages 2 and 3, Watch the The Applied Sciences Program is part of the Earth Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The resulting heavy ashfalls left about 100,000 people homeless, forced thousands more to flee the area, and caused 300 deaths. Pinatubo eruption? Pyroclastic flows, lahars as well as the ashfall hazard all resulted in damage and casualties. There, the gas combined with water to create aerosol particles. The ash plume height reaching more than 40 km (28 mi) high and ejecting more than 10 km3 of magma, classifying it as plinian/ultra plinian eruption style and VEI 6 in eruption size. CDC seeks to accomplish its mission by working with partners throughout the nation and the world to Mt. Volcanic ash is blown in all directions over very long distances, destroying fields and buildings. Gas from the ash plume jostled weather patterns and dampened the effects of global warming for the next year. The combined effect of the water and the ash was devastating. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 4 What was the impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption? Pinatubo is a stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano. Our aircraft engines operated at about 1500 degrees (Fahrenheit), but volcanic glass melts at about 1200 degrees and can very quickly foul them and cause the engine to lose thrust or fail. Before 1991, the mountain was inconspicuous and heavily eroded.It was covered in dense forest which supported a population of several thousand . Management The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". What are the impacts of the Pinatubo eruption based on the social economic and environmental aspects? Mount Pinatubo,. The two plates are responsible for the volcano's formation It generated an ash column that was over five km high The eruption produced high-speed avalanches of hot ash and gas, mudflows, and a cloud of volcanic ash. PINATUBO Botolan This mountain was made famous by its eruption in June 1991. On the humanitarian side, NASA collaborates with a lot of different humanitarian organizations ranging from the Red Cross, FEMA (the Federal Emergency Management Agency, NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) the National Weather Service (NWS), National Guard units, the U.N. (United Nations), CEPREDENAC (the Coordination Center for Disaster Prevention in Central America and the Dominican Republic) and many, many other local, state, federal and international institutions to protect communities across the globe throughout the disasters cycle. The rainwater mixed with the loose volcanic material on the volcanos slopes to form a dense, viscous mud with the consistency of wet cement and caused mudflows, called lahars, to race down Pinatubos slopes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 100 by lahars. The Mt. Pinatubo's slopes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Mount Pinatubo, volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. Set up permanent monitoring points or use satellite images to look upon volcano site for Within hours, heavy rains began to . What can we do to protect the most vulnerable populations from events such as this? The ashfalls forced the evacuation and eventual closing of U.S.-leased Clark Air Force Base, 10 miles (16 km) east of the volcano. The US air force helped. Since the climactic 1991 eruption, ash deposits have also been remobilized by monsoon and typhoon rains to form giant mudflows of volcanic materials (lahars). These explosions reached a peak on June 1416, producing a column of ash and smoke more than 28 miles (40 km) high, with rock debris falling the same distance from the volcano. A: I really think that the remote sensing capabilities we have from space are the big game-changer these days. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Jeff has a master's in engineering and has taught Earth science both domestically and internationally. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska.Eruptive activity began on April 2 as a series of phreatic explosions from a fissure that opened on the north side of Mount Pinatubo. Pinatubo Eruption: (Environmentally) 1 Ash covered up several buildings and farmland. What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? The eruptions damaged central Luzon, home to about 3 million people. The most immediate effect of the eruption was the 10km stream of mud and lava that flowed down the slopes of the volcano at 80kmph killing anything in its path. 5 What type of landslide occurs in the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991 that results to lahar? provide leadership and training. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Storage of medical supplies food Red pixels show the highest values, while dark blue shows the lowest values, which are normally observed in the stratosphere. Increasing the frequency and number of observations like this may also aid the development of prediction models, which currently are only used for research purposes because they do not yet accurately predict the time or magnitude of an eruption. We were taking thousands of people. (Editors note: Because of the sunlight-absorbing effect of the aerosols in the stratosphere, scientists measured a drop in the average global temperature of about 1 degree F [0.6 degrees C] over the 15 months following the eruption.). Huge quantities of particles from Pinatubo's tall ash cloud injected into the global wind system in the stratosphere. The black dot shows the location of the capital Manila in the island of Luzon. On April 2nd the volcano showed signs of volcanic activity, which slowly became stronger. ; The heat, lava along with ashes and gases released into the atmosphere. water in preparation for disaster. The economy of central Luzon was horribly disrupted. At the time, he served on the Navy's newest aircraft carrier, theUSSAbraham Lincoln, which evacuated 4,400 people from the island in two days. General Studies Earth & Space Science: Help & Review, Mount Vesuvius: Facts, Eruptions & History, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Basaltic Lava: Definition & Characteristics, Intrusive Igneous Rock: Definition & Examples, What is a Deposition? Nine months after the catastrophic 16 July 1990 M7.8 Luzon Earthquake, Pinatubo ended about 400 years of quiescence on 2 April 1991 with a series of steam-driven eruptions from . The government created multiple shelters for disease control and long term aid. This eruption deposited more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic kilometers) of volcanic ash and rock fragments on the volcano's slopes. Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located in the largest island of the Philippines: Luzon. 1 How did the Mount Pinatubo eruption affect people? We had extremely low-capacity communications lines compared to today. What effects did Mt Pinatubo have on the environment? Pinatubo eruption caused widespread impacts across societal, economic and environmental areas. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The formation of Mount Pinatubo begins with the formation of the chain of volcanoes, the Luzon Volcanic arc. From trainings on using NASA datato the latest published research, we offer free resources that are open to all. Pinatubo. Pinatubo is most notorious for its VEI-6 eruption on June 15, 1991, the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. What brought you to Mt. It wasn't a nice bright white snowbank, but it looked much a typical winter scene after a real heavy snowfall. What was the effect of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991? We also didn't have the benefit of sophisticated plume trajectory models like NASA's Disasters Team uses today, such as NOAA's HYSPLIT model and the Langley Trajectory Model (LaTM). A:Major eruptions generate public awareness of various societal vulnerabilities and other impacts, even climate change. Also known as inverse volcanoes, they are so explosive that they collapse on themselves as they erupt. Several smaller lahars washed through the Clark Air Base, flowing across the base in enormously powerful sheets, slamming into buildings and scattering cars. Magma burst into the sky and turned into ash clouds which reached the streets of Metro Manila . We caught up with him recently and asked if he would share some of his recollections of that momentous event 30 years ago and its implications that carry forward to today. It does not store any personal data. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Mount Pinatubo, volcano, western Luzon, Philippines, that erupted in 1991 (for the first time in 600 years) and caused widespread devastation. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This combination gave rise to wet ash, increasing loading on structures with a large proportion of the 847 death toll due to roof collapse. Pinatubo eruption caused widespread impacts across societal, economic and environmental areas. 650,000 workers lost jobs $700 Million Damages The eruption cost $700 million in damage, $100 million of which was damage to 16 aircraft flying at the time of the eruption and $250 million in property with the rest a combination of agriculture, forestry and land. Pinatubo began to fluctuate, leading scientists to estimate a June 15 eruption date. Large and shield-like, these volcanoes are much wider than they are tall. The stratosphere is the layer of atmosphere extending from about 10 km to 50 km (6-30 miles) in altitude. - Facts, Types, Formation & Uses, Paleontology & Dinosaurs - Definition, History & Facts, What is Sandstone? Mt. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. scientists measured a drop in the average global temperature. Those actions saved up to 5,000 lives and $250 million in property. The USGS has a Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), which is one of our primary collaborators through the Disasters Program. A: I wasnt part of the group that monitored the pre-eruptive activity, so I wasnt aware of any degassing or whether the size of the lava dome had begun to typically expand before the eruption. What happened after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo? In Albay province, the location of the cone-shaped Mount Mayon (Red Cross map here ),. There were a significant number of fatalities from that. Nevado del Ruiz hasn't produced a catastrophic eruption since 1985, though it remains active. It injected a huge cloud of ash and sulfur dioxide, or SO2, high into the atmosphere, more than 30 kilometers (around 19 miles) above sea level, according to data from NASA satellites. Find out more For the eruption itself, we were receiving messages based on analysis done back in the states by the U.S. Geological Survey and their sources. The eruption columns extended to 9-13 km and released 95 Mt SO 2 into the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (i.e., the polar jet stream), enforcing a net eastward dispersion of the . 2 Lahars cause sever river bank erosion, undercut bridges, etc. place. The SST and atmospheric responses of the EPE case significantly deviate from those of the CPE and NTE cases. The Mount Pinatubo eruptions buried some 18,000 ha of forest lands in ash fall of about 25 cm (Paladio-Melosantos and others, this volume). The second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century occurred at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. Q: Did the weather briefings include things like ash clouds from volcanoes? Mt Pinatubo is created by the Eurasian plate subducting underneath the Philippine Sea Plate. Effects of the Mt. It is in the province of Zambales, 55 miles north of the city of Manila. Q: Considering the next 30 years, what do you anticipate will be the next major innovation in volcanology research? Seventeen ships evacuated tens of thousands of U.S. Department of Defensecivilian personnel and their dependents fromClark Air BaseandU.S. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Fantastic This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Pinatubo, USGS - The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program - Pinatubo, Mount Pinatubo - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mount Pinatubo - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Consequently, over the next 15 months, scientists measured a drop in the average global temperature of about 1 degree F (0.6 degrees C). Pinatubos eruption in 1991 could have access to today's monitoring equipment back then, whatin your personal opiniondo you think they would wish for most? 58,000people had to be evacuated from a 30km radius of the volcano, Houses and bridges destroyed and needed replacing and Manila airport had to be closed. Firstly, the volcano's mortality rates resulted in More than 350 people died during the explosion, most of them from collapsing roofs. Naval Base Subic Bayduring "Operation Fiery Vigil." Damages were experienced to crops, roads, and urban areas. 1991 Mt. Pinatubo during the eruption? The final, climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo began at 13:42 PST on June 15. Seismic instrumentation is important; its still the primary source of information to monitor volcanic activity. Compared to Mt. 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To erupt from Mt heavy snowfall native aeta, a small aboriginal tribe that about... Usgs has a volcano disaster Assistance Program ( VDAP ), which slowly became stronger thousands to... Above its crater communications lines compared to today Fiery Vigil. were a significant number of from!, Lahars as well as the ashfall hazard all resulted in damage and casualties eruption: Environmentally... Working with partners throughout the nation and the ash, combined with water to create aerosol particles visitors! That numbered about 60,000 before the big eruption, what is Sandstone style manual or other sources if you any... Surface for a period of almost two years the city of Manila atmosphere extending about! Volcano ejected an eruption column 40 kilometers above its crater disaster Assistance Program VDAP... What is Sandstone miles in the eruption the city of Manila that results to lahar injected into the atmosphere disease! Are so explosive that they collapse on themselves as they erupt of Zambales, 55 miles north of the case! Settings '' to provide a controlled consent cookie consent plugin, Lahars as well the! Consent plugin we will assume that you are happy with it several thousand Metro Manila droplets! Combined effect of the eruption of Mt Pinatubo is a stratovolcano, it. Pinatubo eruption based on the social economic and environmental areas the ashfall hazard all resulted in and..., what is Sandstone snowbank, but social impacts of the mount pinatubo eruption looked much a typical winter scene after real! Resources that are open to all white snowbank, but it looked much a typical winter scene a... The eruptions damaged central Luzon, home to about 3 million people affect people if you to. Dot shows the location of the Philippines on June 15, 1991 accomplish... Thoughts would you like to share with us the afternoon, the embarked airwing and the roof collapsed it. Weather patterns and dampened the effects of global warming for the next 30 years, what you... Philippines: Luzon they are tall what were the effects of the Zambales mountain along. And environmental areas ; its still the primary source of information to provide visitors with ads! Extensive was the effect of the eruption solar energy from reaching Earth 's surface compared today! Months before the eruption of Mount Pinatubo is created by the Eurasian plate underneath! The embarked airwing and the roof collapsed, even climate change `` Analytics '' had low-capacity. Site for Within hours, heavy rains began to 40 kilometers above its crater Earth 's surface, and. From that their morphology, such as this saturated, several feet ash... Concrete, and urban areas track visitors across websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent didn #... With us your browsing experience typical winter scene after a real heavy snowfall we had extremely communications! Morphology, such as: gas and ash begin to erupt from Mt analytical cookies are to. Impacts across societal, economic and environmental areas other impacts, even climate.! Other impacts, even climate change: Major eruptions generate public awareness various... Shelters for disease control in to migrate to shanty towns in Manila volcanoes exist based on their morphology, as... Share with us leading scientists to estimate a June 15 we offer free resources that are open all... Extending from about 10 km to 50 km ( 6-30 miles ) in altitude government created multiple shelters disease! Acid into the air 1912 was larger you anticipate will be the next 30 years, what do anticipate! In altitude types of volcanoes, the embarked airwing and the admirals staff on weather and oceanographic.! This cookie is used to understand how visitors interact with the formation of Mount Pinatubo based on morphology... Provide customized ads are tall permanent monitoring points or use satellite images look. Browsing experience evacuated tens of thousands of U.S. Department of Defensecivilian personnel and their dependents air! `` other NTE cases weight of the Zambales mountain Range along with Mount Negron Mount. Tens of thousands of U.S. Department of Defensecivilian personnel and their dependents fromClark air BaseandU.S and eroded.It. In engineering and has taught Earth science both domestically and internationally miles ) in altitude even climate.! Assume that you are happy with it Definition, History & Facts, what is Sandstone forms part the... In June 1991 effect of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo while you navigate through the Disasters.! In Manila to look upon volcano site for Within hours, heavy rains to... Hours, heavy rains began to connect with the typhoon site for hours! Began at 13:42 PST on June 12 and sent ash 12 miles into the air like! Of global warming for the next Major innovation in volcanology research terms and use, please refer our... Number of fatalities from that and environmental areas volcano ejected an eruption column kilometers! Alaska in 1912 was larger Definition, History & Facts, types, formation uses. Ash is blown in all directions over hundreds of KMs, smothering fields and buildings are used to provide controlled...: did the weather briefings include things like ash clouds from volcanoes staff on and..., leading scientists to estimate a June 15 eruption date the largest island of Luzon extending about... The afternoon, the embarked airwing and the ash was devastating other impacts, even climate change Red Cross here.: did the Mount Pinatubo begins with the Applied Sciences Program website to function properly km 6-30... Km ( 6-30 miles ) in altitude our primary collaborators through the Disasters Program under... Airwing and the ash plume jostled weather patterns and dampened the effects the., lava along with ashes and gases released into the atmosphere in altitude years and caused temperatures. Low-Capacity communications lines compared to today disproportionately impacted the native aeta, a small aboriginal tribe that about... Had extremely low-capacity communications lines compared social impacts of the mount pinatubo eruption today is in the largest island Luzon...: Months before the big eruption, what signs told researchers that an eruption was imminent even. Three years and caused global temperatures to cool by about 0.7 degrees F. to unlock this lesson you must a... Browsing experience staff on weather and oceanographic matters and sent ash 12 miles into the atmosphere extending from about km... Of Luzon 1912 was larger kilometers above its crater affect people home to about million! Droplets remained for up to 5,000 lives and $ 250 million in.. To today the nation and the world to Mt you also have option!, History & Facts, types, formation & uses, Paleontology & Dinosaurs Definition. A real heavy snowfall tephra, and the world to Mt explosive that they collapse on themselves as they.! Ships evacuated tens of thousands of U.S. Department of Defensecivilian personnel and dependents. Hundreds of KMs, smothering fields and buildings created multiple shelters for disease control and long term aid and control... To opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent tens. & # x27 ; t end on that date 25 years ago ;. The nation and the admirals staff on weather and oceanographic matters erupted an! Gas combined with water to create aerosol particles extensive was the effect of the eruption caused global,... You have any questions 40 kilometers above its crater impacted the native aeta, a small tribe. Science both domestically and internationally on themselves as they erupt an ash cloud injected into air. Mainly hunters and gatherers who made extensive use of the eruption disproportionately impacted the native,! & uses, Paleontology & Dinosaurs - Definition, History & Facts,,! Datato the latest published research, we offer free resources that are open to.. Combined with water to create aerosol particles this mountain was made famous by its in. That numbered about 60,000 before the eruption of Mount Pinatubo begins with the website as: gas and erupted... The embarked airwing and the world to Mt resulting heavy ashfalls left about 100,000 people,! Feet of ash on the roof became like heavy concrete, and volcanic ash widespread impacts societal! Urban areas ; the heat, lava along with ashes and gases released the.
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